Communitarian and Cosmopolitan VIews of Citizenship Essay

Communitarian and Cosmopolitan VIews of Citizenship - Essay Example Nationality is therefore defined in terms of place of birth while citizenship is defined in terms of the rights that have been acquired that enables one to participated in the decision making process of the nation. Citizenship can be acquired and at the same time it can be lost. Therefore it can be defined as when a citizen is legally allowed to live in a country. (Pike 2000, p. 82) It has been shown the principle of citizenship arose from the concept of creation of social orders. The concept of citizenship can be traced to have been developing from the Greek civilization when there were efforts to define what could be considered as national citizenship and global citizenship. If we take a close look at the Marshall's work on successive emergence of civil, political and society right in citizenship, there is a clear evidence that citizenship arose from the need to have social order. In this definition we will find the citizenship has been used as a market of membership in the polities raging from the pre-modern city states and empires to the current status of global citizenship that has been well applied all over the world. (Heater 2004, p. 42) The concept of citizenship can be traced to many years ago when there were efforts by ... Though it was by then limited to only the state, it has been expanding to include the view of global citizenship. But there were also efforts by the Greek philosophers to try and define the concept of global citizenship. For example Greek Cynic philosopher Diogenes replied many people that he was a citizen of the world. There have been many philosophers since then who have expressed that their citizenship belongs to the world. Implication and application of the citizenship Citizenships has bee applied well in the modern societies. It has been used to define membership to a nation. In this case it has been successfully used to define citizens and outsiders or foreigners. Citizenship has been used to define who belongs to nation and those who doesn't belong. Those who are considered as citizens are given the rights to vote in that particular nation while those who are not citizens though living in a nation are not allowed to vote. Therefore it has been used to define political rights that are given to individuals. Citizenship has become one of the most controversial issues in the modern world. There have been conflicts of foreigners living in a nation and the issue of immigrants and their status has not escaped the world either. Citizenship has implied to mean the actual number of those who legally allowed participation in the affairs of a country. Cosmopolitan and communitarian view In the view of cosmopolitan's paradigm, cosmopolitan citizenship is defined in terms of freedom. In this case it is seen as way in which the capacity of individual to look into the possibility of personal choice within the social system is considered as the ultimate object that

Briefing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Briefing paper - Essay Example First and foremost, Subway must develop understanding and acceptance about cultural differences. This will be accomplished through an exchange and training programs to all of its subsidiaries to facilitate the easy exchange of information. With the concept of open-mindedness, expatriation will be successful. Finally, Subway must somehow consider other motivating factors and a change of management structure in order to remain competitive. 2. Terms of Reference Motivating people is one of the challenging tasks a manager must handle. Usually, work motivation among employees is influenced by cultural issues particularly in international companies. â€Å"Managing across cultures requires motivating employees from various cultures, but finding a framework for motivating and managing behavior across cultures has proven to be difficult† (Silverthorne, 2005, p.98). Based on the research conducted by Kreitner (2009, p.102), employees are looking for a process that is geographically cohe rent. However, because of diversity in individual needs and workplace expectations, motivating practices from one organization will not be anymore successful towards other jurisdiction. Management-Expert (ME) is a global firm that gives consulting services and training programs to all kinds of management issues. ... Just recently, Subway management decided to expatriate workers for them to experience the culturally diverse global workforce. However, the company encountered some disadvantages and one of those is the adaptability to the culture of foreign environments. Because of these cross-cultural differences, employees are having low morale and at the same time turnover becomes high. Per evaluation of the management team, employee motivation is severely damaged. This briefing paper will serve to explain the nature of Subway’s problem, the overview and analysis of the situation, and some suggested remedies/ recommendations to the problem. 3. Overview of the Situation Expatriating employees is one of Subway’s management strategies to make their employees globally skillful. The organization’s objective is to increase the cultural intelligence of their employees in terms of adapting to different cultures. This is also some kind of private motivation among their front line peop le and managers for them to have a broader global perspective among their international subsidiaries. However, the decision brings some drawbacks and it caused a severe damage to the attitudes and behaviors of employees toward their jobs. In other words, employees are not anymore motivated plainly because of the differences in work values, practices, and culture of foreign environments. According to Finsterbusch (2003, p.6), even though most of the countries nowadays are driven by technological and economic development, there is still no room for uniformed global culture. Values will only shift based on the trend but the origin of the culture in which it is employed will not be constant and so dealing with expatriates need to be